System papers excretion in humans
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
A. background
Body did so many metabolic processes,
such as digestion, respiration, and so on. Such processes will ultimately
result in waste that is not issued if not removed will cause disease. Waste
generated multi-faceted, ranging from gas, liquid, until solid. For that, we
need a different organ expenditures also vary. Acquisition process, the
remnants of metabolism of the body is called excretion. Excess water, ga, salts
and organic materials (including the remnants of metabolism) excreted out but
substan essential for body functions are stored. Issued materials are usually
found in the form of dissolved and its excretion through a selective filtering
process. Organs are functioning in terms of excretion together called excretory
system. Humans and animals have different excretion systems.
B. destination
The purpose of the preparation of this
paper is to identify your excretory
system in humans and animals.
C. Summary Problem
1. What
are the tools that the human body can
excrete metabolic waste?
2. What are the organs of animals can excrete metabolic waste and how?
2. What are the organs of animals can excrete metabolic waste and how?
D. systematics Writing
Systematics of
writing in this paper are as follows:
CHAPTER I : Introduction, which contains
the Background, Purpose, Problem Formulation and Systematics Writing.
CHAPTER II : The
discussion, in this section will
be explained on Human
and Animal excretion
system.
Chapter III : Concelusion
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. In
Human excretion system
The human body has several systems excretion , among kidney , lung , liver and skin .
1 . kidney
The organ has a specific function for excretion of metabolic wastes containing nitrogen is kidney .
a) the structure of the kidney
Ren shaped like a kidney or red beans seeds ( lobsters / pea ) . Located on the right and left renal pelvis that is in the abdominal cavity on the dorsal body wall . Kidney total of two red and purplish . Left kidney is somewhat higher than the right kidney sbelah .
Called the outer layer of skin kidney or renal cortex , while the inner lining called kidney marrow or medulla . Most layer in the form of cavities called renal pelvis renalis .
Structural and functional unit of the kidneys called nephrons smallest . Each nephron consists of a terusun malpighi body of Bowman's capsule . Tubular - tubular collectors, and the curve of Henle found the medulla . In a human kidney are about 1 million nephrons .
Bowman capsule with glomerulus function walled basin in the capsule . Glomerulus is a string of capillary blood vessels whose walls are joined as one, with Bowman's capsule wall until dissolved substances in the blood seeping into the Bowman capsule wall space functions . Arterial blood vessel branches into a number of afferent arteriola arteriola mentioned . Arteriola branches into afferent glomerular capillaries . Glomerular capillaries reunite become arteriola afferent and twine around the proximal tubular , curved henle , and the distal tubular from a nephron . Glomerular capillaries then empty into venula , and merged into a vein renalis toward the inferior vena cava .
Henle curve is the kidney duct ( tubular ) which is curved in the region and in relation to the tubular medua prosimal or distal tubular in the cortex region . Henle curve has two parts , namely the curve asendens Henle (uphill ) and Henle desendens curve ( decreased ) . In adults , the entire length of the body ± 7.5 to 15 km .
Renal covered by fat . Have kidney renal artery ( renal artery ) that menyuplai blood . Renal each have a network vessels ( capillaries ) in the cortex. As a result , the cortex appears darker than the medulla .
Renal handling of water potential of blood through. Substance that causes an imbalance of water potential of the blood will be separated from the blood and excreted in the urine . For example , residual nitrogen and amino acid fragmentation outcome nucleic acid ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; Marrieb 2004) .
b ) The process of urine formation
• Filtration ( screening )
Firltrasi occurred in Bowman capsule and the glomerulus . Bowman capsule outer wall composed of a thin layer of epithelial cells . Between the outer wall and the space capsule there relating to kontortus proximal tubular lumen . The Bowman capsule wall composed of specialized cells called podosit . Filtration process is when blood enters the glomerulus, a high blood pressure to encourage water and components that can not be dissolved through the pores of the capillary endothelium, glomerular, and then to the
The human body has several systems excretion , among kidney , lung , liver and skin .
1 . kidney
The organ has a specific function for excretion of metabolic wastes containing nitrogen is kidney .
a) the structure of the kidney
Ren shaped like a kidney or red beans seeds ( lobsters / pea ) . Located on the right and left renal pelvis that is in the abdominal cavity on the dorsal body wall . Kidney total of two red and purplish . Left kidney is somewhat higher than the right kidney sbelah .
Called the outer layer of skin kidney or renal cortex , while the inner lining called kidney marrow or medulla . Most layer in the form of cavities called renal pelvis renalis .
Structural and functional unit of the kidneys called nephrons smallest . Each nephron consists of a terusun malpighi body of Bowman's capsule . Tubular - tubular collectors, and the curve of Henle found the medulla . In a human kidney are about 1 million nephrons .
Bowman capsule with glomerulus function walled basin in the capsule . Glomerulus is a string of capillary blood vessels whose walls are joined as one, with Bowman's capsule wall until dissolved substances in the blood seeping into the Bowman capsule wall space functions . Arterial blood vessel branches into a number of afferent arteriola arteriola mentioned . Arteriola branches into afferent glomerular capillaries . Glomerular capillaries reunite become arteriola afferent and twine around the proximal tubular , curved henle , and the distal tubular from a nephron . Glomerular capillaries then empty into venula , and merged into a vein renalis toward the inferior vena cava .
Henle curve is the kidney duct ( tubular ) which is curved in the region and in relation to the tubular medua prosimal or distal tubular in the cortex region . Henle curve has two parts , namely the curve asendens Henle (uphill ) and Henle desendens curve ( decreased ) . In adults , the entire length of the body ± 7.5 to 15 km .
Renal covered by fat . Have kidney renal artery ( renal artery ) that menyuplai blood . Renal each have a network vessels ( capillaries ) in the cortex. As a result , the cortex appears darker than the medulla .
Renal handling of water potential of blood through. Substance that causes an imbalance of water potential of the blood will be separated from the blood and excreted in the urine . For example , residual nitrogen and amino acid fragmentation outcome nucleic acid ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; Marrieb 2004) .
b ) The process of urine formation
• Filtration ( screening )
Firltrasi occurred in Bowman capsule and the glomerulus . Bowman capsule outer wall composed of a thin layer of epithelial cells . Between the outer wall and the space capsule there relating to kontortus proximal tubular lumen . The Bowman capsule wall composed of specialized cells called podosit . Filtration process is when blood enters the glomerulus, a high blood pressure to encourage water and components that can not be dissolved through the pores of the capillary endothelium, glomerular, and then to the
basement membrane, and through the filtration
plate, and into the Bowman space kapsil .
Result of glomerular filtration and Bowman's capsule called the glomerular filtrate or primary urine. Primary urine composition can be seen in the following
Levels molecules per Gram ..
Result of glomerular filtration and Bowman's capsule called the glomerular filtrate or primary urine. Primary urine composition can be seen in the following
Levels molecules per Gram ..
Reabsorption occurs
in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule
part. Reabsorption by epithelial cells throughout the renal tubules.
Reabsorption of many substances in the body depends on the
needs of the time. Absorbed substances include water, glucose, amino acids,
ions Na +, K +, Ca2 +, Cl-, HC) 3 -, HBO42-and some urea.
Reabsporsi occurring active and passive transport. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by active transport in the proximal tubule. Reabsorption of Na +, HCO3-, and H2O occurs ditubulus distal convoluted.
Stages of the reabsorption is as follows: primary urine, entering from the glomerulus into the proximal convoluted tubule. The primary urine is hipotonis compared with blood plasma.
Reabsporsi occurring active and passive transport. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by active transport in the proximal tubule. Reabsorption of Na +, HCO3-, and H2O occurs ditubulus distal convoluted.
Stages of the reabsorption is as follows: primary urine, entering from the glomerulus into the proximal convoluted tubule. The primary urine is hipotonis compared with blood plasma.
hen the reabsorption
of water and ions occur ¬ Cl - passively. At the same time, the filtrate to the
arch Henle. The filtrate was reduced in volume and are compared to isotonic
fluid in the tissues around the proximal convoluted tubule. The loop of Henle
occurs active secretion of Cl-ions into the surrounding tissue. Ditubulus
continued reabsorption distal convoluted. This occurred on tubular reabsorption
of Na + ions and water under the control of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). Besides
tubular reabsorption also occurs seksresi H +, NH4 +, urea, creatinine, and
existing drugs in the urine.
• arguments
Secondary urine from the distal convoluted tubule going down towards the collecting tubules . In the collecting tubule is still happening absorption of Na + ions , Cl - , and urea , forming a real urine . Of the collecting tubule , the urine was taken to the pelvis realist . Flow from the renal pelvis through the ureter to the bladder ( bladder ) which is a temporary storage of urine ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; Padilla et al . 2005) .
c ) Matters affecting the production of urine
Every day ± 1500 liters of blood pass through the kidneys to be filtered and form 15-170 liters of primary urine . However, only 1 - 1.5 liters of urine that we spend . Many urine least someone who spent each day is influenced by the following :
• diuretic substances
Diuretic substances , such as coffee , tea and alcohol will inhibit reabsorption of Na + ions . As a result , the concentration of ADH decreases so rebasorpsi obstructed water and urine volume increases . That is why if you consume tea or coffee , then we would frequent urination . Excessive urine output is called diuresis .
• Temperature
If the internal and external temperature rises above normal , the respiration rate increases . This causes cutaneous vessels widen so fluid diffuses from the capillaries to the surface of the skin . When the volume of water decreases , ADH increases water reabsorption dieksreksikan so . In addition , an increase in temperature stimulates the abdominal vessels constrict so that blood flow and glomerular filtration decreases . Increased reabsorption and reduced blood flow in the glomerulus reduce urine volume . That is why if the weather is hot , we rarely urinate .
• The volume of solution
Solution volume in the blood affects the production of urine . If we drink water all day , then the concentration of water in the area is low . This stimulates the pituitary secrete ADH . This hormone
Secondary urine from the distal convoluted tubule going down towards the collecting tubules . In the collecting tubule is still happening absorption of Na + ions , Cl - , and urea , forming a real urine . Of the collecting tubule , the urine was taken to the pelvis realist . Flow from the renal pelvis through the ureter to the bladder ( bladder ) which is a temporary storage of urine ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; Padilla et al . 2005) .
c ) Matters affecting the production of urine
Every day ± 1500 liters of blood pass through the kidneys to be filtered and form 15-170 liters of primary urine . However, only 1 - 1.5 liters of urine that we spend . Many urine least someone who spent each day is influenced by the following :
• diuretic substances
Diuretic substances , such as coffee , tea and alcohol will inhibit reabsorption of Na + ions . As a result , the concentration of ADH decreases so rebasorpsi obstructed water and urine volume increases . That is why if you consume tea or coffee , then we would frequent urination . Excessive urine output is called diuresis .
• Temperature
If the internal and external temperature rises above normal , the respiration rate increases . This causes cutaneous vessels widen so fluid diffuses from the capillaries to the surface of the skin . When the volume of water decreases , ADH increases water reabsorption dieksreksikan so . In addition , an increase in temperature stimulates the abdominal vessels constrict so that blood flow and glomerular filtration decreases . Increased reabsorption and reduced blood flow in the glomerulus reduce urine volume . That is why if the weather is hot , we rarely urinate .
• The volume of solution
Solution volume in the blood affects the production of urine . If we drink water all day , then the concentration of water in the area is low . This stimulates the pituitary secrete ADH . This hormone
increases water reabsorption in the
kidney so that urine volume down .
• Emotions
Certain emotions can stimulate an increase or decrease in urine volume ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; MarieB 2004) .
d ) Disorders of the kidney
Human kidney disorders and abnormalities , such as bacterial attack , tumors , abnormalities, kidney shape , or the formation of kidney stones .
Abnormalities and impaired renal function are as follows :
• Nefiritis
Nefiritis is part of glomerular kidney damage caused by toxic bacteria allergy , usually caused by bacteria streptoccocus . Nephritis resulted in someone menderitan urinemia
• Emotions
Certain emotions can stimulate an increase or decrease in urine volume ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; MarieB 2004) .
d ) Disorders of the kidney
Human kidney disorders and abnormalities , such as bacterial attack , tumors , abnormalities, kidney shape , or the formation of kidney stones .
Abnormalities and impaired renal function are as follows :
• Nefiritis
Nefiritis is part of glomerular kidney damage caused by toxic bacteria allergy , usually caused by bacteria streptoccocus . Nephritis resulted in someone menderitan urinemia
or edema . Urinemia is the re-entry
of uric acid and urea back into the blood vessels . Oedema is the accumulation
of water in the foot due to impaired reabsorption .
• Kidney stones
Kidney stones are formed due to the deposition of calcium salts in the cavity of the kidney , renal tract , or bladder . Kidney stones form insoluble crystals . The content of kidney stones are calcium oxalate , uric acid , and calcium phosphate crystals . These salt deposits formed when a person consumes too much salt and too little to consume mineral water .
• Albuminuria
Albuminuria is the discovery of albumin in the urine . Presence of albumin in the urine is an indication of damage to the endothelium membrane capsule . Moreover, it can also be caused by irritation of the kidney cells of bacteria due to the influx of toxic substances , ether , or heavy metals .
• Glycosuria
Hematuria was the discovery of glucose in urine . The presence of glucose in urine showed the presence of damage to the kidney tubes .
• Hematuria
Is the discovery of red blood cells in the urine . Hematurian caused by inflammation of the urinary organs or irritation caused by friction on the kidney stone .
• Ketosis
Ketosis is a compound found in the blood ketones . This can happen in people who go on a diet of carbohydrate .
• Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that arises because the pancreas does not produce or produces very little insulin only . Insulin is a hormone that converts glucose into glycogen , thereby reducing blood sugar levels . Besides insulin also helps the body's tissues absorb glucose so it can be used as an energy source . Diabetes mellitus can also occur if the liver cells , muscle , and fat have a lower response
• Kidney stones
Kidney stones are formed due to the deposition of calcium salts in the cavity of the kidney , renal tract , or bladder . Kidney stones form insoluble crystals . The content of kidney stones are calcium oxalate , uric acid , and calcium phosphate crystals . These salt deposits formed when a person consumes too much salt and too little to consume mineral water .
• Albuminuria
Albuminuria is the discovery of albumin in the urine . Presence of albumin in the urine is an indication of damage to the endothelium membrane capsule . Moreover, it can also be caused by irritation of the kidney cells of bacteria due to the influx of toxic substances , ether , or heavy metals .
• Glycosuria
Hematuria was the discovery of glucose in urine . The presence of glucose in urine showed the presence of damage to the kidney tubes .
• Hematuria
Is the discovery of red blood cells in the urine . Hematurian caused by inflammation of the urinary organs or irritation caused by friction on the kidney stone .
• Ketosis
Ketosis is a compound found in the blood ketones . This can happen in people who go on a diet of carbohydrate .
• Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that arises because the pancreas does not produce or produces very little insulin only . Insulin is a hormone that converts glucose into glycogen , thereby reducing blood sugar levels . Besides insulin also helps the body's tissues absorb glucose so it can be used as an energy source . Diabetes mellitus can also occur if the liver cells , muscle , and fat have a lower response
to insulin . Glucose levels in the urine and
blood of people with diabetes mellitus are very high . This causes frequent
urination , thirst and hunger quickly , and cause problems with fat and protein
metabolism .
• Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a disease that
causes sufferers secrete urine too much . Peyebab diabetes insipidus is the ADH
hormone deficiency . ADH is produced by the pituitary gland rear. If the lack
of ADH , urine output may rise 20-30 times the normal state .
The composition of urine varies depending on the type of food and beverages consumed . Normal urine is colorless transparent crystal clear . Urine light yellow color comes from bile
The composition of urine varies depending on the type of food and beverages consumed . Normal urine is colorless transparent crystal clear . Urine light yellow color comes from bile
pigment ( bilirubin and biliverdin )
. Normal human urine contains water , urea , uric acid , ammonia , keratin ,
also salts , especially table salt , excessive substances in the blood , such
as vitamin C , drugs .
Seen from many kinds of substances contained in the urine , the kidneys are the main expenditures tool . Renal function , among others, are as follows :
1 ) Throw away the remains of the body's metabolism
2 ) Adjust the balance of water and salt in the blood
3 ) Creating substances that are harmful to the body , such as drugs , bacteria and dyes .
4 ) Set the arterial blood pressure by removing excess substances acids or bases . In addition, to remove excess foodstuffs such as sugar and vitamins . ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; MarieB ; Solomon et al . 2005) .
e ) Blood Dialysis
In 1950 , medical researchers create artificial kidneys based on dialysis process . The process of dialysis is a method for separating molecules by size . This machine works like a kidney to clean the blood by simple diffusion . Machine is equipped with a long tube containing a solution of the composition as blood plasma . This solution is on one side of the pipe are bounded by a porous membrane .
If the machine is turned on , the patient's blood filled with metabolic waste will flow along the pipe is empty . After the blood meets the pipe , pipe underwent diffusion metabolism in the solution are available in the pipeline . After circulated several times along the pipeline engine and the body's arteries , the patient's blood is clean enough from the rest of metabolism . During the analysis , the patient's blood was given heparin ( an anti clotting agents / anticoagulants ) .
Seen from many kinds of substances contained in the urine , the kidneys are the main expenditures tool . Renal function , among others, are as follows :
1 ) Throw away the remains of the body's metabolism
2 ) Adjust the balance of water and salt in the blood
3 ) Creating substances that are harmful to the body , such as drugs , bacteria and dyes .
4 ) Set the arterial blood pressure by removing excess substances acids or bases . In addition, to remove excess foodstuffs such as sugar and vitamins . ( Thibodeau et al . 1999; MarieB ; Solomon et al . 2005) .
e ) Blood Dialysis
In 1950 , medical researchers create artificial kidneys based on dialysis process . The process of dialysis is a method for separating molecules by size . This machine works like a kidney to clean the blood by simple diffusion . Machine is equipped with a long tube containing a solution of the composition as blood plasma . This solution is on one side of the pipe are bounded by a porous membrane .
If the machine is turned on , the patient's blood filled with metabolic waste will flow along the pipe is empty . After the blood meets the pipe , pipe underwent diffusion metabolism in the solution are available in the pipeline . After circulated several times along the pipeline engine and the body's arteries , the patient's blood is clean enough from the rest of metabolism . During the analysis , the patient's blood was given heparin ( an anti clotting agents / anticoagulants ) .
Alternative treatment for patients with
chronic renal failure is the new kidney transplant. Technically, a kidney transplant
operation is quite simple. Damaged kidney removed first and then the donor kidney is placed in the lower
abdomen, arteries and veins connected to the arteries and veins, respectively.
Then ureter associated with bladder (bladder).
The main problem in kidney transplantation is rejection by the immune system. Resipen immune system recognizes the transplanted kidney as a "foreign object" and then destroying it. Various drugs were found to be quite effective to suppress the body's immune mechanism. The grafts still functioning kidney for years. Rejection and the immune system is minimized when the kidneys came from donors who are identical twins with the recipient. At transplant between identical twins, are not required immunosuppressive drugs and the kidney can last a long time (Padilla et al., 2005).
The main problem in kidney transplantation is rejection by the immune system. Resipen immune system recognizes the transplanted kidney as a "foreign object" and then destroying it. Various drugs were found to be quite effective to suppress the body's immune mechanism. The grafts still functioning kidney for years. Rejection and the immune system is minimized when the kidneys came from donors who are identical twins with the recipient. At transplant between identical twins, are not required immunosuppressive drugs and the kidney can last a long time (Padilla et al., 2005).
·
Below is a comparison chart levels
of metabolic waste substances in the blood plasma and urine .
Kinds of substances in plasma Percentage Percentage Increase in Urine
Air 92 95 +
Protein 7-9 -
Glucose 0,1 -
Na + 0.3 0.35 1 x
Cl - 0.3 0.7 2 x
K + 0.02 0.15 7 x
PO42 - 16 0.009 0.15 x
SO42 - 0.002 0.18 90 x
NH4 + 0.0001 0.4 400 x
Uric acid 0.04 0.05 12 x
Urea 0.03 2 60 x
Creatinine 0.001 0.075 75 x
Kinds of substances in plasma Percentage Percentage Increase in Urine
Air 92 95 +
Protein 7-9 -
Glucose 0,1 -
Na + 0.3 0.35 1 x
Cl - 0.3 0.7 2 x
K + 0.02 0.15 7 x
PO42 - 16 0.009 0.15 x
SO42 - 0.002 0.18 90 x
NH4 + 0.0001 0.4 400 x
Uric acid 0.04 0.05 12 x
Urea 0.03 2 60 x
Creatinine 0.001 0.075 75 x
2 . Lungs
Ekskret lung CO2 and H2O is produced
from the process of respiration . In principle , the transport of CO2 occurs in
three ways , which is dissolved in the blood plasma ( 7-10 % ) associated with
hemoglobin ( 20 % ) and in the form of HCO3 - ions ( 70 % ) through a
process called chain chloride
exchange .
Chloride exchange mechanism is as follows :
Chloride exchange mechanism is as follows :
a) Blood
in lung alveolar O2 binding and transport it to the tissue cells .
b )
In the network , CO2 binds to blood issued jointly HO2 issued in the form of
water vapor .
The chemical reaction can be summarized as follows we write :
CO2 + H2O - > H2CO3 - > HCO3 - + H +
H + ions are bound by hamoglobin toxic , whereas ¬ HCO 3 - out of the red blood cells and into the blood plasma .
While it is also the position of HCO3 - ion is replaced by Cl - ( chloride ) from blood plasma ( MarieB 2004) .
3 . heart
Liver ( lepar ) excrete approximately ½ liter of bile each day . Bile is a greenish liquid with a bitter taste about pH 7-7.6 ; contain cholesterol , mineral salts , bile salts , and the pigment ( bile pigment ) called bilirubin and biliverdin .
Bile produced by the liver is stored in the gall bladder ( bladder felae ) and secreted into the small intestine to help the digestive system , for example :
a) digest fats
b) Enabling lipase
The chemical reaction can be summarized as follows we write :
CO2 + H2O - > H2CO3 - > HCO3 - + H +
H + ions are bound by hamoglobin toxic , whereas ¬ HCO 3 - out of the red blood cells and into the blood plasma .
While it is also the position of HCO3 - ion is replaced by Cl - ( chloride ) from blood plasma ( MarieB 2004) .
3 . heart
Liver ( lepar ) excrete approximately ½ liter of bile each day . Bile is a greenish liquid with a bitter taste about pH 7-7.6 ; contain cholesterol , mineral salts , bile salts , and the pigment ( bile pigment ) called bilirubin and biliverdin .
Bile produced by the liver is stored in the gall bladder ( bladder felae ) and secreted into the small intestine to help the digestive system , for example :
a) digest fats
b) Enabling lipase
C) Changing water-soluble substances into substances that can
be dissolved in water.
d) To assist its fat absorption in the intestinal wall.
Approximately 10 million red blood cells that have broken the hearts of old by specialized cells called hitosit. Hemoglobin of red blood cells broken down into iron, globin and hemin. Iron is taken and stored in the liver to be returned to the bone marrow. Globin used again for the metabolism of protein or to form a new Hb, whereas hemin converted into bile pigment colored bile released into the duodenum and dioksidasi into urobilin. Urobilin role berwara brown yellow color in feces and urine.
If the bile duct blockage, for example by forming cholesterol and bile sediment, the stool will become brown color gray. Whereas blood yellowish because bile into the blood circulation (called jaundice).
d) To assist its fat absorption in the intestinal wall.
Approximately 10 million red blood cells that have broken the hearts of old by specialized cells called hitosit. Hemoglobin of red blood cells broken down into iron, globin and hemin. Iron is taken and stored in the liver to be returned to the bone marrow. Globin used again for the metabolism of protein or to form a new Hb, whereas hemin converted into bile pigment colored bile released into the duodenum and dioksidasi into urobilin. Urobilin role berwara brown yellow color in feces and urine.
If the bile duct blockage, for example by forming cholesterol and bile sediment, the stool will become brown color gray. Whereas blood yellowish because bile into the blood circulation (called jaundice).
The liver is the only gland that produces the enzyme arginase
that works to break down the amino acid arginine into ornitin amino acid and
urea. Ornitin formed functional binding NH3 and CO ¬ 2 of a poison . In the
cells of the body , ornitin sitrulin converted into amino acids . Sitrulin role
of arginine binding NH3 can be broken down in the liver , whereas urea is
transported to the kidneys and liver to be removed together with the urine (
Thibodeau et al . 1999; Marieb 2004) .
4 . skin
Mengekskresikan integumentary skin or sweat . Adult human skin thickness at around 0.01 cm to 0.5 cm . much sweat produced or released an activity is influenced among others by the body, temperature , environment , food , health conditions and emotional state .
Human sweat composed of water , salts , especially the kitchen salt ( NaCl ) , residual cell metabolism , urea , and acid . Skin ( integumentary ) consists of two parts , namely the epidermis and dermis.
The epidermis ( cuticle )
Epidermal thickness determines the thickness of the skin. Such thick skin on the palm , fingertips , and soles of the feet , a five- layered epidermis, ie the stratum basal , stratum corneum , stratum spinosum , stratum granulosum , stratum lusidum , and the stratum corneum . Such thin skin that line the body , does not have lusidum stratum .
The cells in the stratum basal , stratum spinosum , and stratum granusolum is because living cells get nutrients from capillaries in the connective tissue ( in this case is the dermis ) . In contrast, the cells in the stratum corneum and stratum lusidum is dead because of capillary cells do not reach this layer .
b) the dermis ( skin hides or korium )
In the dermis there are blood vessels , root hair , and nerve ends . In addition, there are also sweat
4 . skin
Mengekskresikan integumentary skin or sweat . Adult human skin thickness at around 0.01 cm to 0.5 cm . much sweat produced or released an activity is influenced among others by the body, temperature , environment , food , health conditions and emotional state .
Human sweat composed of water , salts , especially the kitchen salt ( NaCl ) , residual cell metabolism , urea , and acid . Skin ( integumentary ) consists of two parts , namely the epidermis and dermis.
The epidermis ( cuticle )
Epidermal thickness determines the thickness of the skin. Such thick skin on the palm , fingertips , and soles of the feet , a five- layered epidermis, ie the stratum basal , stratum corneum , stratum spinosum , stratum granulosum , stratum lusidum , and the stratum corneum . Such thin skin that line the body , does not have lusidum stratum .
The cells in the stratum basal , stratum spinosum , and stratum granusolum is because living cells get nutrients from capillaries in the connective tissue ( in this case is the dermis ) . In contrast, the cells in the stratum corneum and stratum lusidum is dead because of capillary cells do not reach this layer .
b) the dermis ( skin hides or korium )
In the dermis there are blood vessels , root hair , and nerve ends . In addition, there are also sweat
glands ( gandula sudorefera ) and sebaceous glands ( glandula
sebassea ) located at the roots and work pomade .
Terpilin sweat glands form a pipe extending from the epidermis into the dermis. Kelenjarnya base roll and surrounded by blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the sympathetic . From this blood capillaries absorb sweat gland tissue fluid consisting of water and ± 1 % salt solution with urea . Tissue fluid out as sweat through the sweat to the skin surface .
About 2 million sweat glands spread throughout the adult human dermis to produce sweat ± 225 ml per day. Sweat glands are working under the influence of body temperature regulation center of the central nervous system ( hypothalamus ) and enzyme brandikinin . Arrangements by the central nervous stimulated by temperature changes in the blood vessels.
The function of the hypothalamus is the blood temperature monitor and manage . If blood through the hypothalamus temperature is lower than normal , then the central nervous hot performers will produce stimulation to the skin to reduce heat loss of speed . This was done by reducing the flow of blood through the blood vessels surface and reduce the formation of sweat . Conversely, if the blood that passes through the hypothalamus of a higher temperature , the heat loss of the central nervous and metabolism will slow down , stop shivering , and improve the speed of heat loss through the skin.
Excessive sweat production workers lose weight resulted in a lot of
Terpilin sweat glands form a pipe extending from the epidermis into the dermis. Kelenjarnya base roll and surrounded by blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the sympathetic . From this blood capillaries absorb sweat gland tissue fluid consisting of water and ± 1 % salt solution with urea . Tissue fluid out as sweat through the sweat to the skin surface .
About 2 million sweat glands spread throughout the adult human dermis to produce sweat ± 225 ml per day. Sweat glands are working under the influence of body temperature regulation center of the central nervous system ( hypothalamus ) and enzyme brandikinin . Arrangements by the central nervous stimulated by temperature changes in the blood vessels.
The function of the hypothalamus is the blood temperature monitor and manage . If blood through the hypothalamus temperature is lower than normal , then the central nervous hot performers will produce stimulation to the skin to reduce heat loss of speed . This was done by reducing the flow of blood through the blood vessels surface and reduce the formation of sweat . Conversely, if the blood that passes through the hypothalamus of a higher temperature , the heat loss of the central nervous and metabolism will slow down , stop shivering , and improve the speed of heat loss through the skin.
Excessive sweat production workers lose weight resulted in a lot of
Metabolic waste substances from tissue fluid diserat by
Malpighi vessels distal end portion. Of this section, the liquid gets into the
proximal vessel Malpighi and uric acid forms crystals which are then entered
into the hindgut finally came out with feces. Most substances containing the
remains of nitrogen used to form the eksokeleton chitin (outer frame), and can
participate excreted during molting or peeling of the skin (Campbell et al.
2005; Solomon et al. 2005).
CHAPTER
III
CONCLUSION
Excretion is the process of liberation of the remains of the
body's metabolism . Organs are functioning in terms of excretion together
called excretory system .
1 . System Excretion In Humans
The human body has bberapa excretion system , including :
a) Kidney
The kidneys are organs that have a specific function for excretion of metabolic waste containing nitrogen .
Many urine least someone who spent each day is influenced by diuretic substances , temperature , solution volume and emotion .
Human kidney disorders and abnormalities can , among other things because of the attack of bacteria , tumors , abnormalities, kidney shape , or the formation of kidney stones .
Abnormalities and impaired renal function , among others, nephritis , kidney stones , albuminuria , glycosuria , hematuria , ketoses , diabetes mellitus , diabetes insipidus .
b ) The lungs
Excretion from the lungs is CO2 and H2O produced from the process of respiration . In principle , the transport of CO2 occurs in three ways , which is dissolved in the blood plasma ( 7-10 % ) ,
1 . System Excretion In Humans
The human body has bberapa excretion system , including :
a) Kidney
The kidneys are organs that have a specific function for excretion of metabolic waste containing nitrogen .
Many urine least someone who spent each day is influenced by diuretic substances , temperature , solution volume and emotion .
Human kidney disorders and abnormalities can , among other things because of the attack of bacteria , tumors , abnormalities, kidney shape , or the formation of kidney stones .
Abnormalities and impaired renal function , among others, nephritis , kidney stones , albuminuria , glycosuria , hematuria , ketoses , diabetes mellitus , diabetes insipidus .
b ) The lungs
Excretion from the lungs is CO2 and H2O produced from the process of respiration . In principle , the transport of CO2 occurs in three ways , which is dissolved in the blood plasma ( 7-10 % ) ,
associated with hemoglobin ( 20 % ) and in the form of HCO3
- ions ( 70 % ) through a process called chain chloride exchange .
c ) Heart
Liver ( lepar ) excrete approximately ½ liter of bile each day . Bile is a greenish cairah bitter with a pH around 7-7.6 ; contain cholesterol , mineral salts , bile salts , and the pigment ( bile pigment ) called bilirubin and biliverdin .
d ) Skin
Skin or integument excrete sweat . Thick skin in adult humans around 0:01 cm to 0.5 cm . Amount of sweat produced or issued by a person influenced by the activity of the body , the temperature of the environment , food , health , and emotional state . Skin ( integument ) consists of two parts, the epidermis and dermis .
c ) Heart
Liver ( lepar ) excrete approximately ½ liter of bile each day . Bile is a greenish cairah bitter with a pH around 7-7.6 ; contain cholesterol , mineral salts , bile salts , and the pigment ( bile pigment ) called bilirubin and biliverdin .
d ) Skin
Skin or integument excrete sweat . Thick skin in adult humans around 0:01 cm to 0.5 cm . Amount of sweat produced or issued by a person influenced by the activity of the body , the temperature of the environment , food , health , and emotional state . Skin ( integument ) consists of two parts, the epidermis and dermis .
REFERENCES
Pratiwi , DA , Sri Maryati , Srikini , Suharno , and Bambang S. 2006. For high school biology class XII . 2nd vol . Grants, Jakarta .
Suntoro , H. Susilo , Tanjung Djalal Harminani , 1993 . Animal Anatomy and Physiology . 3rd mold . The Open University , Department of Education , Jakarta .
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Category : System Excretion / Tagged : Kidney Last modified : October 19 , 2013
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Pratiwi , DA , Sri Maryati , Srikini , Suharno , and Bambang S. 2006. For high school biology class XII . 2nd vol . Grants, Jakarta .
Suntoro , H. Susilo , Tanjung Djalal Harminani , 1993 . Animal Anatomy and Physiology . 3rd mold . The Open University , Department of Education , Jakarta .
Other related articles
Adrenal Gland Function
Adrenal gland function . The adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands , are shaped gland [ ... ]
Eliminate Kidney Stones Treatment
Eliminate Kidney Stones Treatment . The term ' kidney stone ' refers to the hard deposits that develop [ ... ]
What Causes Kidney Stones
What Causes Kidney Stones . Kidneys act as filters blood and helps in removing the products [ ... ]
Symptoms of Acute Renal Failure
When we say impaired renal function refers to kidney failure . Kidneys are organs of excretion of human [ ... ]
Early Symptoms of Kidney Disease
Early Symptoms of Kidney Disease . According to a medical survey , in the United States , approximately 26 million people suffer from a form [ ... ]
Category : System Excretion / Tagged : Kidney Last modified : October 19 , 2013
Leave a Reply
